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Terek sandpiper
The Terek sandpiper (''Xenus cinereus'') is a small migratory Palearctic wader species, the only member of the genus ''Xenus''. It is named after the Terek River which flows into the west of the Caspian Sea, as it was first observed around this area.〔Carnaby (2009), p. 77.〕
== Description and systematics ==
Slightly larger than the common sandpiper at 22–25 cm length, its long upcurved bill – somewhat reminiscent of an avocet's, but not as strongly curved – makes it very distinctive. As the scientific specific name implies, this wader has a grey back, face and breast in all plumages; a white supercilium may appear more or less distinct. The belly is whitish and the feet yellow; the bill has a yellowish base, with the rest being black.
The call is a high whistle.
Among the Scolopacidae, ''Xenus'' is part of the shank-tattler-phalarope clade and less closely related to the calidrid sandpipers. Based on the degree of DNA sequence divergence and putative shank and phalarope fossils from around the Oligocene/Miocene boundary some 23-22 million years ago, the Terek sandpiper presumably diverged from their relatives in the Late Oligocene. Given the numerous basal fossils of the group found in Eurasia it is likely that the Terek sandpiper lineage originated there, possibly by being isolated as the remains of the Turgai Sea dried up, which happened just around this time.〔Mlíkovský (2002), Paton ''et al.'' (2003), Thomas ''et al.'' (2004)〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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